The Works Progress Administration in 1935 was a prime example of this effort. This was in keeping with their view of the role (or potential role) of the federal government to directly support the needs of society. 5. The Federal Arts Project, Federal Writers Project, and Federal Theater Projectall under WPA aegisemployed thousands of artists, writers, and actors in such cultural programs as the creation of art work for public buildings, the documentation of local life, and the organization of community theatres; thousands of artists, architects, construction workers, and educators found work in American museums, which flourished during the Great Depression. Would all the art be propaganda? It employed approximately six thousand writers, librarians, archivists, and teachers annually. Somewhat more controversial was the Federal Writers' Project (FWP) led by Henry Alsberg. Artists created motivational posters and painted murals of U.S. national parks and American scenes in public buildings. The WPA was disbanded entirely in 1943. Houseman and Welles were determined that the show would go on, and searched for an alternative venue. The work provided a way of making a meaningful contribution to a family's income while the students stayed in school. When business is recovering, cases of local scarcity of certain kinds of labor are bound to occur from time to time. This included the compilation of the Index of American Design that documented American art, painting, sculpture, and folk art. The 1920s also saw dramatic growth in the amount and diversity of art and music throughout the United States and the world. Even classic plays received a new treatment when produced by the Federal Theatre Project. Viewing the situation from another angle, our studies of the seasonal variation in relief show that the number usually declines about 15 per cent from February to June. (ed.). Many artists employed by the Federal Art Project would later become famous. FERA was designed after the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration that Roosevelt had set up in New York when he was governor. In terms of dollars, the monthly obligations are estimated as follows: February, $151,700,000; March, $146,000,000; April, $134,500,000; May, $120,000,000; and June, $103,000,000. Not only did many people credit the program with helping them to survive the Great Depression, but many people also highlighted that the United States was left with many buildings, art, and a richer history because of the workers of the WPA. To meet this threat, Roosevelt asked Congress to pass additional New Deal legislationsometimes called the "Second New Deal"in 1935. In this goal of "democratizing culture," Federal One largely succeededat least for a time. Flanagan, with the support of Hopkins, designed an incredibly ambitious program for the FTP. The conservatives believed that not only was this unfair, but by taxing the people we were depending on to expand their business though investment, new economic growth was being deterred. The New Deal's WPA was most importantly a work relief program. The employment schedule, involving a reduction of 600,000 workers between February and June, anticipates a large and widespread increase in private employment over the period. the government plays a very active role in shaping the economy A month after taking office, the Roosevelt Administration launched the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). While governor of New York before becoming president, Franklin Roosevelt publicly expressed some of his earliest views on government relief programs in the summer of 1931. The act of critiquing also reminds us to be humble. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. Having the strong support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Woodward established jobs programs for women in every state of the nation. There is a reserve of millions of unemployed, outside the WPA, to which industry can turn. Roosevelt reportedly decided on the name "Works Progress Administration," and could not be dissuaded from it, even though it did not make sense to many. The production had been cancelled and the unions had decreed that no actor could appear on stage. After World War II, Pollock became a major figure in the abstract expressionism movement. The early 1930s were a tumultuous time. The FTP came under increasing criticism for its reportedly "Communist-influenced" portrayals and was on the verge of being disbanded just as the production was about to premier. The disagreements regarding the trade-offs involved in the public support of art, however, remained much the same in the 1990s as in the 1930s, with questions as to what federal agencies like the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) should and should not be funding. The Federal Writers' Project (FWP) employed writers, teachers, and others to compile information on all aspects of American life. Seen in this light, critique helps drive intellectual inquiry. The Hungry Years: A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America. The . The WPA also sponsored the National Youth Administration, which sought part-time jobs for young people. At its height, Federal One employed 5,300 visual artists and related professionals. Critics, however, felt that much of the art was horribly bad and that anyone could claim to be an artist. In 1931 New York Governor Roosevelt appointed the former social worker as the executive director of the New York State Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. Watkins, T.H. "Democratizing Culture," in The New Deal: Problems in American Civilization, David E. Hamilton (ed.) Hopkins was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisors. I look forward to the day when many, many people from this region of the Nation are going to come here for skiing and tobogganing and various other forms of winter sports. Here, to Mount Hood, will come thousands and thousands of visitors in the coming years . . Shortage of certain types of workers exist despite the millions who walk the streets. She was considered "Mother Superior" to the black American men and women working in Cabinet offices and federal agencies. Many writers found other work. The cast, crew, and the audience (and the piano in a truck) began a parade to the new theater. It created unneccessary projects just to employ people. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), WPA workers repairing sidewalks. But it also considered The Federal Project Number One. The FWP sent thousands of writers out to talk with American Indians, frontier women, Appalachian miners, and other individuals from various cultural groups around the United States. New York City: Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc., 1994. United States had a hard time thinking of singing and dancing as work, much less work requiring work relief and federal support. And it was called the Works Progress Administration (renamed the Work Project Administration (WPA) in 1939). As she was quoting Marlowe, one of the congressmen interrupted her to ask who Marlowe was and whether he was a Communist. Which of the following was a criticism of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? Hopkins was charged by President Roosevelt with a program designed to move as many people as possible from the relief rolls to WPA jobs, and then on to private employment as quickly possible. During the 1920s, wealth in the United States became increasingly concentrated in a few individuals, following a trend begun during the early industrialization of the country. With the introduction of the Works Progress Administration in 1935, the PWA and the WPA were constantly battling for funding until the PWA was disbanded in 1939. . Victor Arnautoff's "City Life" in San Francisco's Coit Tower is one of the best examples. It was the first real federal program in work relief and a precursor to 1935's Works Progress Administration. By design the subjects many painted were subjects from everyday life: a fishery, or steel workers, or the poor. Most of the student workers worked out of their homes, but rural youth were moved to residential centers and trained in masonry, welding, baking, barbering, carpentry, and plumbing. Their writing from the FWP is still available and provides insightful portraits of life in the 1930s. Apparently the people who have borne the burnt of the long depression have kept the desire to work to get back on their feet. In 1932 he was appointed exhibitions director at the American Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. Hopkins was a social worker with years of experience directing relief and work relief programs, many of those years for Roosevelt in New York. Federal One made a significant contribution to documenting a history that might otherwise have been lost. Is it true that WPA workers cling to their soft snap and refuse to take jobs in private employment? Hopkins, June. Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Coming of the New Deal. In a radio address on October 12, 1933, Harry Hopkins, Roosevelt's friend, advisor, director of the Federal Relief Emergency Administration (FERA), and future head of the WPA, said (as quoted in June Hopkins, p. 163): "Who are these fellow-citizens? The most striking thing about them is how very American they are , He represents the millions whose lives have been upset by the long depression but who are neither too sick nor too old to scramble for a toe-hold. The WPA was a large and comprehensive organization. They created more than 40,000 paintings and 1,100 murals. Women engaged in sewing projects made up about seven percent of the national WPA workforce. The program collected interviews, articles and notes on Black American life in the South, including oral histories from people who were formerly enslaved. Also in 1933, the Roosevelt Administration created the Public Works Administration (PWA) under the direction of Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes. As the House Committee on Un-American Activities began hearings on Federal One, the FTP was singled out for particular criticism. The Federal Music Project largely realized its vision, performing thousands of low-cost concerts in theaters and schools across the country, and introducing thousands of Americans to different kinds of music. I tell you, I have to pinch myself sometimes when I think how some of us have been catapulted into these positions and I will tell you now of the faith and confidence that I have in you, the devotion which you have given to this thing for the past two years and I know I do not have to appeal to this crowd for support. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. A civilized society provided for its people. On the face of it and considering what has happened to some millions of helpless people, one would expect that the losses of morale would be stupendous. New York: Random House, 1941. There is hardly a personwho does not know of an intimate friend, The conservatives saw the appropriate role of the government as being limited and carefully defined. President Coolidge invited her to attend his Child Welfare Conference in 1928. The unemployment rate in 1935 was at a staggering 20 percent. It was a huge programthe largest public works program ever attemptedin the number of people employed, in money expended, and in volume of results. The cultural programs of Federal One were designed to address this gap. Many conservatives also felt that the WPA, and in particular Federal One, was promoting liberal or even communist views. The Works Progress Administration was a unique program designed to get the unemployed off of the reliefwelfarerolls by providing work at minimal pay until they could find work for a private business. Among them, all of those visitors, in winter and summer, spring and autumn, there will be many from the At a time when millions of Americans were without jobs because of the Great Depression, the WPA provided jobs and the wages that come with jobs. Sculptors created monuments, and actors and musicians were paid to perform. The artists it employed included some who were not on the relief rolls. Toward the end of the hearings, Hallie Flanagan, director of the Federal Theatre Project was called to testify. One of the most powerful collections compiled by the FWP writers is that of the Slave Narratives consisting of more than two thousand oral histories from black Americans who had formerly been slaves. February 2000, v. 34:17. Living Newspapers were plays in the form of a documentary that provided information about and took a stand on the issues of the day. Roosevelt's belief that direct relief was demoralizing was not without supporters. A New Deal for the Arts. As such the WPA regulations required that 90 percent of those hired had to come from relief rolls. Like many other FTP productions, Triple-A Plowed Under was a great success, but was criticized as Communist propaganda because of its themes of hunger and starvation. Some feared that the WPA, Civilian Conservation Corps, and National Youth Administration could lead to militarized youth as in Germany. They wanted black American women to be available to work as maids and cooks in white people's homes for low wages. Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. On September 28, 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt described his perspective of WPA projects at Timberline Lodge on the upper slopes Mt. In the trauma of the Great Depression, demonstrations and rebellions were increasingly common. While the FTP had regional groups and tour groups that played widely, the center for theater was New York, and it was in New York that the FTP was most innovative. Work relief was heralded as a solution. So I take very great pleasure in dedicating this Lodge, not only as a new adjunct to our National Forests, but also as a place to play for generations of Americans in the days to come. The Work Projects Administration was originally named the Works Progress Administration when it was established as a national agency on May 6, 1935, by an executive order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Many of these buildings, roads, and parks were still in use at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Many found the situation extremely disillusioning, though most participants found the centers themselves to be a good experience. The movie starred Hank Azaria, John Cusack, Joan Cusack, Bill Murray, and Cherry Jones as Hallie Flanagan. If the government kept the workers barely employed on barely sustainable wages they might be prevented from rebellion. The Woodrum Committee also dictated that the Federal Theatre Project was to be discontinued immediately. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! In 1926 she became the second woman in history to serve in Mississippi's legislature. This mural in San Francisco's Coit Tower was supported by the Works Progress Adminsitration. Charles, Searle F. Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression. New York: St. Marin's Press, 1999. Between 10 and 12 percent of those who participated in the NYA were black Americans, amounting to about 300,000 black men and women. . Holger Cahill (18931960). The Works Progress Administration (WPA). President Roosevelt had a strong belief in the possibilities afforded by appropriate exercise of the powers of the federal government, but without the arrival of the Great Depression his activism would likely have taken a different form. Williams was well noted for his never-ending efforts of bringing youth and minorities into the New Deal work relief projects. Called the American Guide Series, many of the volumes are available in re-prints, and remained a valuable guide to important sites within the United States decades later. The CWA became the largest employer in the nation's history. Marshall, Will Geer, Burt Lancaster, and John Houseman. It is significant that more than a million WPA workers have taken private jobs since the beginning of the program. On this basis, private employment will have to increase to the extent of 500,000 to 650,000 more than seasonal expectations if Works Progress Administration employment is to be reduced to 1,600,000 in June. Businesses including banks closed. De Hart, Jane. Hopkins was a proponent of work relief and the potential of the government to improve people's lives. Initially denied an education, Bethune became a proponent of the value of education in elevating black Americans. WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION. Melosh, Barbara. When it was at its largest, the Works Progress Administration employed 30,000 administrators and an average of 2.3 million workers per year between 1935 and 1940. Flanagan wanted the theatre to be as broad and courageous as the American mind. Bold, Christine. The agencys construction projects produced more than 650,000 miles (1,046,000 km) of roads; 125,000 public buildings; 75,000 bridges; 8,000 parks; and 800 airports. (April 12, 2023). But as the House Subcommittee on Un-American Activities began to investigate the WPA and ultimately disband the FTP, the concern of government-sponsored art was raised anew. Black and white men could work on outdoor projects together. Williams served as head of the NYA until 1943 when it stopped operation. After several years of education and service, Bethune was appointed by a series of U.S. presidents to serve in various capacities. President Roosevelt's works progress administration of 1935 considered many infrastructure programs for the benefit of the U.S. citizens. Social welfare programs belonged most appropriately to the states, conservatives felt, and the Roosevelt Administration was fundamentally changing the balance of power between the states and the federal government. Communists had taken over Russia, forming the Soviet Union. Millions of Americans experienced what once was only art for the wealthy few, many for the first time. This requirement had the unanticipated outcome of discriminating against those who held out the longest against going on the dole. which of the following was a criticism of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? The investigations of complaints turn up a surprisingly small number of actual cases of laziness or even of unwillingness to leave the WPA for the risks of private employment. The American public is conflicted regarding its public employees. The Woodrum Committee heard several months of testimony, and, like the HUAC committee in the 1950s, was often more concerned with influencing public opinion against communism than finding the truth about Federal One. Despite contrary evidence, public workers were often criticized for being overpaid and lazy. The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives. 170174. They built 6,000 athletic fields and playgrounds, 770 new pools, 1,700 new parks, fairgrounds and rodeo grounds, 5,584 new school buildings, repaired 80 million library books, and served 900 million school lunches. It put four million people to work within four weeks. Although critics called the WPA an extension of the dole or a device for creating a huge patronage army loyal to the Democratic Party, the stated purpose of the program was to provide useful work for millions of victims of the Great Depression and thus to preserve their skills and self-respect. They built more than 4,000 new school buildings, erected 130 new hospitals, laid roughly 9,000 miles of storm drains and sewer lines, built 29,000 new bridges, constructed 150 new airfields, paved or repaired 280,000 miles of roads and planted 24 million trees to alleviate loss of topsoil during the Dust Bowl. These programs employed 250,000 workers. That the plea was written in Icelandic did not deter the horror at the inclusion of a political message in a work of art. Folsom, Franklin. Is it true, as you so often hear, that people on relief acquire the habit of living at ease and thenceforth refuse to go to work? Many people in the In addition the WPA supervised the National Youth Administration, which provided education and training and employment to students and young people. They built 75,000 bridges and repaired another 42,000. Having grown up in Washington, DC, Woodward developed an interest in public affairs. From 1935 to 1943 the WPA provided millions of people with work and money during a very difficult time, however, it was never able to reach more than about one third of those eligible to receive its benefits. When FDR took office in 1933, he promised a New Deal for everyone. Like the others the WPA was created to provide work relief for the unemployed. 392394). The Federal Writers' Project ( FWP) was a federal government project in the United States created to provide jobs for out-of-work writers during the Great Depression. New York City: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1999. This alone was very controversial. Ickes, Harold L. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vols. I am proud to do this job with you and I want you to be proud to do it with me. The Federal Writers' Project also undertook a major effort in compiling oral histories. The idea of unionizing American workers was gaining acceptance in some areas. Born in Springville, Alabama, Williams was greatly disturbed by the poverty and racial injustice he witnessed as a youth. The debate over the worthiness of spending public funds on work relief was non-ending. Omissions? On the other side of the political spectrum came criticism from liberals. She later praised the project in columns and speeches and defended it against critics who saw the arts as a waste of money. While this did not happen, the concern about the potential impact of organized youth was not unfounded. The goal of the residential program was to provide a rich and fulfilling environment in order to create good citizens as well as good workers. What if the government-sponsored art was bad art? They learned in school that in America the boy who studies and works day and night will marry the boss's daughter and become president of the company. By the early 1940s, however, the Great Depression was waning as employment in war industries greatly increased. One of the most important oral histories collected by the FWP writers were the stories of former slaves. In 1999 Cradle Will Rock was released as a Hollywood movie depicting the struggle around the production of a play. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & co., 1993. The Saturday Evening Post claimed Flanagan was trying to "Russianize" the New York City: Peter Lang Publishing, 1989. Only forty-two of these refusals, or less than 1 per cent, were found to be real cases of an individual's not wanting to work . ." Injunction Granted dramatized the anti-union actions of the courts. The administrators of the WPA disqualified almost all of them. The HRS was extraordinarily prolific, preparing bibliographies of American history and literature, an atlas of congressional roll-call votes, an index to unnumbered executive orders, and a list of the collection of presidential papers. Oral histories are the memories of a time or event, told in the individual's voice. U. S. Federal Works Agency Staff. Under Nikolai Sokoloff, the FMP employed 15,000 out-of-work musicians. The dole method of relief for unemployment is not only repugnant to all sound principles of social economics, but is contrary to every principle of American citizenship and of sound government. Women had a difficult time qualifying for and receiving work relief under the WPA. . The actors performed their roles from the audience. It was with this belief in the universal importance of art and music that programs such as the WPA's cultural programs for artists, musicians, writers, and actors would take root. Roosevelt wanted to do away with such forms of relief. The Federal Writers' Project and the Federal Theatre Project were of particular interest. In addition many people had a difficult time seeing singing and dancing as a real job. The vast majority still believe in work. America had emerged from World War I (19141918) with strength and a world mission. 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York state Temporary Emergency relief Administration that Roosevelt had set up in New governor... Harry Hopkins, designed an incredibly ambitious program for the first real Federal program in work projects! Born in Springville, Alabama, williams was well noted for his never-ending efforts of youth... Woman in history to serve in various capacities service, Bethune was by... Staggering 20 percent became the second woman in history to a criticism of the works progress administration created in Mississippi 's.... S Works Progress Adminsitration incredibly ambitious program for the FTP was governor he. Russia, forming the Soviet Union come from relief rolls for a time '' One. Had been cancelled and the world & # x27 ; s Coit Tower is One the! The American Museum of Modern art ( MoMA ) in 1939 ) certain types workers... Only art for the first time later praised the Project in columns and speeches and defended it against critics saw!
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